Introduction
Male infertility is a significant global health issue, contributing to approximately half of all infertility cases among couples. It is defined as the inability to achieve conception due to male-related factors after a prolonged period of regular unprotected intercourse. Andrology provides the scientific foundation for understanding and managing male infertility.
Etiology of Male Infertility
The causes of male infertility are multifactorial and include impaired sperm production, abnormal sperm function, erotic function, hormonal disorders, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, and obstruction of the reproductive tract. Environmental factors such as pollution, radiation exposure, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals also play a role.
Diagnostic Evaluation
Andrological assessment begins with a thorough medical and reproductive history, followed by physical examination. Semen analysis is the primary diagnostic tool, often supplemented by hormonal testing, genetic screening, and imaging studies.
Treatment Strategies
Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve medical therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, or assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex condition that requires a comprehensive and individualized approach. Advances in andrology have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment success rates.